GLOSSARY OF TERMS Advanced Roadside Impaired Driving Enforcement
Revised: 02/2018
source https://www.state.nj.us/njsp/division/investigations/pdf/adtu/2018_ARIDE_Full_Participant_Manual.pdf
ADDICTION
Habitual, psychological, and physiological dependence on a substance beyond one’s voluntary control.
ADDITIVE EFFECT
One mechanism of polydrug interaction. For a particular indicator of impairment, two drugs produce an additive effect if they both affect the indicator in the same way. For example, cocaine elevates pulse rate and PCP also elevates pulse rate. The combination of cocaine and PCP produces an additive effect on pulse rate.
ANALGESIC
A drug that relieves or allays pain.
ANALOG (of a drug)
An analog of a drug is a chemical that is very similar to the drug, both in terms of molecular structure and in terms of psychoactive effects. For example, the drug Ketamine is an analog of PCP.
ANESTHETIC
A drug that produces a general or local insensibility to pain and other sensation.
ANTAGONISTIC EFFECT
One mechanism of polydrug interaction. For a particular indicator of impairment, two drugs produce an antagonistic effect if they affect the indicator in opposite ways. For example, heroin constricts pupils while cocaine dilates pupils. The combination of heroin and cocaine produces an antagonistic effect on pupil size. Depending on how much of each drug was taken, and on when they were taken, the suspect's pupils could be constricted, or dilated, or within the DRE Average range of pupil size.
ARTERY
The strong, elastic blood vessels that carry blood away the heart.
AUTONOMIC NERVE
A motor nerve that carries messages to the muscles and organs that we do not consciously control. There are two kinds of autonomic nerves, the sympathetic nerves and parasympathetic nerves.
BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION (BAC)
The percentage of alcohol in a person’s blood.
BREATH ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION (BrAC)
The percentage of alcohol in a person’s blood as measured by a breath testing device.
Revised: Advanced Roadside Impaired Driving Enforcement Session 1 02/2018 Introduction and Overview Paage 31 of 39
BLOOD PRESSURE
The force exerted by blood on the walls of the arteries. Blood pressure changes continuously, as the heart cycles between contraction and expansion.
BRUXISM
Grinding the teeth. This behavior is often seen in person who are under the influence of cocaine or other CNS Stimulants.
CANNABIS
This is the drug category that includes marijuana. Marijuana comes from certain species of Cannabis plants that grow readily all over the temperate zones of the earth. Hashish is another drug in this category, and consists of the compressed leaves from female Cannabis plants. The active ingredient in both Marijuana and Hashish is a chemical called delta‐9 tetrahydrocannabinol, usually abbreviated THC.
CARBOXY THC
A metabolite of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol).
CENTRAL NERVOU SYSTEM (CNS)
A system within the body consisting of the brain, the brain stem, and the spinal cord.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSANTS
One of the seven drug categories. CNS Depressants include alcohol, barbiturates, anti‐ anxiety tranquilizers, and numerous other drugs.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS
One of the seven drug categories. CNS Stimulants include Cocaine, the Amphetamines, Ritalin, Desoxyn, and numerous other drugs.
CONJUNCTIVA
The clear membrane of the sclera (white portion of the eye) and lines the inside of the eyelids and is made of lymphoid tissue. Conjunctivae refers to both eyes. (Conjunctiva is singular.)
CONJUNCTIVITIS
An inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids caused by infection, allergy, or outside factors. May be bacterial or viral. Persons suffering from conjunctivitis may show symptoms in one eye only. This condition is commonly referred to as "pink eye", a condition that could be mistaken for the bloodshot eyes produced by alcohol or Cannabis.
CONVERGENCE
The "crossing" of the eyes that occurs when a person is able to focus on a stimulus as it is pushed slowly toward the bridge of their nose. (See, also, "Lack of Convergence".)
Revised: Advanced Roadside Impaired Driving Enforcement Session 1 02/2018 Introduction and Overview Paage 32 of 39
CRACK/ROCK
Cocaine base, appears as a hard chunk form resembling pebbles or small rocks. It produces a very intense, but relatively short duration "high".
CYCLIC BEHAVIOR
A manifestation of impairment due to certain drugs, in which the suspect alternates between periods (or cycles) of intense agitation and relative calm. Cyclic behavior, for example, sometimes will be observed in persons under the influence of PCP.
DELIRIUM
A brief state characterized by incoherent excitement, confused speech, restlessness, and possible hallucinations.
DIASTOLIC
The lowest value of blood pressure. The blood pressure reaches its diastolic value when the heart is fully expanded, or relaxed (Diastole).
DISSOCIATIVE ANESTHETICS
One of the seven drug categories. Includes drugs that inhibits pain by cutting off or disassociating the brain's perception of pain. PCP and its analogs are considered Dissociative Anesthetics.
DIVIDED ATTENTION
Concentrating on more than one thing at a time. The four psychophysical tests used by DREs require the suspect to divide their attention.
DOWNSIDE EFFECT
An effect that may occur when the body reacts to the presence of a drug by producing hormones or neurotransmitters to counteract the effects of the drug consumed.
DRUG
DRUG RECOGNITION EXPERT (DRE)
An individual who successfully completed all phases of the DRE training requirements for certification established by the IACP and NHTSA. The word “evaluator,” “technician,” or similar words may be used as a substitute for “expert,” depending upon locale or jurisdiction.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The network of glands that do not have ducts and other structures. They secrete hormones into the blood stream to affect a number of functions in the body.
Revised: Advanced Roadside Impaired Driving Enforcement Session 1 02/2018 Introduction and Overview Paage 33 of 39
Any substance that, when taken into the human body, can impair the ability of the person to operate a vehicle safely.
EXPERT WITNESS
A person skilled in some art, trade, science or profession, having knowledge of matters not within the knowledge of persons of average education, learning and experience, who may assist a jury in arriving at a verdict by expressing an opinion on a state of facts shown by the evidence and based upon his or her special knowledge. (NOTE: Only the court can determine whether a witness is qualified to testify as an expert.)
FLASHBACK
A vivid recollection of a portion of a hallucinogenic experience. Essentially, it is a very intense daydream. There are three types: (1) emotional ‐‐ feelings of panic, fear, etc.; (2) somatic ‐‐ altered body sensations, tremors, dizziness, etc.; and (3) perceptual ‐‐ distortions of vision, hearing, smell, etc.
GAIT ATAXIA
An unsteady, staggering gait (walk) in which walking is uncoordinated and appears to be “not ordered.”
GENERAL INDICATOR
Behavior or observations of the subject that are observed and not specifically tested for. (Observational and Behavioral Indicators)
HALLUCINATION
A sensory experience of something that does not exist outside the mind, e.g., seeing, hearing, smelling, or feeling something that isn't really there. Also, having a distorted sensory perception, so that things appear differently than they are.
HALLUCINOGENS
One of the seven drug categories. Hallucinogens include LSD, MDMA, Peyote, Psilocybin, and numerous other drugs.
HASHISH
A form of cannabis made from the dried and pressed resin of a marijuana plant.
HASH OIL
Sometimes referred to as “marijuana oil” it is a highly concentrated syrup‐like oil extracted from marijuana. It is normally produced by soaking marijuana in a container of solvent, such as acetone or alcohol for several hours and after the solvent has evaporated, a thick syrup‐ like oil is produced with a high THC content.
HEROIN
A powerful and widely‐abused narcotic analgesic that is chemically derived from morphine.
The chemical, or generic name of heroin is “Diacetyl Morphine".
HOMEOSTASIS
The dynamic balance, or steady state, involving levels of salts, water, sugars, and other materials in the body's fluids.
Revised: Advanced Roadside Impaired Driving Enforcement Session 1 02/2018 Introduction and Overview Paage 34 of 39
HORIZONTAL GAZE NYSTAGMUS (HGN)
Involuntary jerking of the eyes occurring as the eyes gaze to the side.
HORMONES
Chemicals produced by the body's endocrine system that are carried through the blood stream to the target organ. They exert great influence on the growth and development of the individual, and that aid in the regulation of numerous body processes.
HYDROXY THC
A metabolite of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol).
HYPERGLYCEMIA
Excess sugar in the blood.
HYPOTENSION
Abnormally low blood pressure. Do not confuse this with hypertension.
HYPOTHERMIA
Decreased body temperature.
ICE
INHALANTS
One of the seven drug categories. The inhalants include volatile solvents (such as various glues and gasoline), aerosols (such as hair spray and insecticides) and anesthetic gases (such as nitrous oxide).
INSUFFLATION
See "snorting".
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
The skin and accessory structures, hair and nails. Functions include protection, maintenance of body temperature, excretion of waste, and sensory perceptions.
LACK OF CONVERGENCE (LOC)
The inability of a person's eyes to converge, or "cross" as the person attempts to focus on a stimulus as it is pushed slowly toward the bridge of his or her nose.
MAJOR INDICATORS
Revised: 02/2018
Physiological signs that are specifically assessed and are, for the most part, involuntary reflecting the status of the central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis (Physiological Indicators)
Advanced Roadside Impaired Driving Enforcement Session 1 Introduction and Overview Paage 35 of 39
A crystalline form of methamphetamine that produces a very intense and fairly long‐lasting "high".
MARIJUANA
Common term for the Cannabis Sativa plant. Usually refers to the dried leaves of the plant. This is the most common form of the cannabis category.
MARINOL
A drug containing a synthetic form of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol). Marinol belongs to the cannabis category of drugs, but Marinol is not produced from any species of cannabis plant.
METABOLISM
The sum of all chemical processes that take place in the body as they relate to the movements of nutrients in the blood after digestion, resulting in growth, energy, release of wastes, and other body functions. The process by which the body, using oxygen, enzymes and other internal chemicals, breaks down ingested substances such as food and drugs so they may be consumed and eliminated. Metabolism takes place in two phases. The first step is the constructive phase (anabolism) where smaller molecules are converted to larger molecules. The second steps is the destructive phase (catabolism) where large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules.
METABOLITE
A chemical product, formed by the reaction of a drug with oxygen and/or other substances in the body.
MIOSIS
MOTOR NERVES
Nerves that carry messages away from the brain, to be body's muscles, tissues, and organs. Motor nerves are also known as efferent nerves.
MUSCULAR HYPERTONICITY
Rigid muscle tone.
MYDRIASIS
Abnormally large (dilated) pupils.
NARCOTIC ANALGESICS
One of the seven drug categories. Narcotic Analgesics include opium, the natural alkaloids of opium (such as morphine, codeine and thebaine), the derivatives of opium (such as heroin, dilaudid, and oxycodone), and the synthetic narcotics (such as fentanyls and methadone).
NERVE
Revised: 02/2018
Abnormally small (constricted) pupils.
A cord‐like fiber that carries messages either to or from the brain. For drug evaluation and classification purposes, a nerve can be pictured as a series of "wire‐like" segments, with small spaces or gaps between the segments.
Advanced Roadside Impaired Driving Enforcement Session 1 Introduction and Overview Paage 36 of 39
NEUROTRANSMITTER
Chemicals that pass from the axon of one nerve cell to the dendrite of the next cell, and that carry messages across the gap between the two nerve cells.
NULL EFFECT
One mechanism of polydrug interaction. For a particular indicator of impairment, two drugs produce a null effect if neither of them affects that indicator. For example, PCP does not affect pupil size, and alcohol does not affect pupil size. The combination of PCP and alcohol produces a null effect on pupil size.
NYSTAGMUS
An involuntary jerking of the eyes.
"ON THE NOD"
A semi‐conscious state of deep relaxation. Typically induced by impairment due to Heroin or other narcotic analgesics. The suspect's eyelids droop, and chin rests on the chest. Suspect may appear to be asleep, but can be easily aroused and will respond to questions.
OVERLAPPING EFFECT
One mechanism of polydrug interaction. For a particular indicator of impairment, two drugs produce an overlapping effect if one of them affects the indicator but the other doesn't. For example, cocaine dilates pupils while alcohol doesn't affect pupil size. The combination of cocaine and alcohol produces an overlapping effect on pupil size: the combination will cause the pupils to dilate.
PARANOIA
Mental disorder characterized delusions and the projection of personal conflicts that are ascribed to the supposed hostility of others.
PARAPHERNALIA
Drug paraphernalia are the various kinds of tools and other equipment used to store, transport or ingest a drug. Hypodermic needles, small pipes, bent spoons, etc., are examples of drug paraphernalia. The singular form of the word is "paraphernalium". For example, one hypodermic needle would be called a "drug paraphernalium".
PHENCYCLIDINE
A contraction of PHENYL CYCLOHEXYL PIPERIDINE, or PCP. Formerly used as a surgical anesthetic, however, it has no current legitimate medical use in humans.
PHENYL CYCLOHEXYL PIPERIDINE (PCP)
Often called "phencyclidine" or “PCP”, it is a specific drug belonging to the Dissociative Anesthetics category.
PHYSIOLOGY
The branch of biology dealing with the functions and activities of life or living matter and the physical and chemical phenomena involved.
Revised: Advanced Roadside Impaired Driving Enforcement Session 1 02/2018 Introduction and Overview Paage 37 of 39
PILOERECTION
Literally, "hair standing up", or goose bumps. This condition of the skin is often observed in persons who are under the influence of LSD.
POLYCATEGORY USE
Ingesting drugs from two or more drug categories.
POLYDRUG USE
Ingesting two or more different drugs.
PSYCHEDELIC
A mental state characterized by a profound sense of intensified or altered sensory perception sometimes accompanied by hallucinations.
PSYCHOPHYSICAL TESTS
Methods of investigating the mental (psycho‐) and physical characteristics of a person suspected of alcohol or drug impairment. Most psychophysical tests employ the concept of divided attention to assess a suspect's impairment.
PTOSIS
PULSE
PULSE RATE
The number of expansions of an artery per minute.
PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX
The pupils of the eyes will constrict and dilate depending on changes in lighting.
PUPILLARY UNREST
The continuous, irregular change in the size of the pupils that may be observed under room or steady light conditions.
REBOUND DILATION
A period of pupillary constriction followed by a period of pupillary dilation where the pupil steadily increases in size and does not return to its original constricted size.
RESTING NYSTAGMUS
Jerking of the eyes as they look straight ahead.
SCLERA
A dense white fibrous membrane that, with the cornea, forms the external covering of the eyeball (i.e., the white part of the eye).
Revised: Advanced Roadside Impaired Driving Enforcement Session 1 02/2018 Introduction and Overview Paage 38 of 39
Droopy eyelids.
The rhythmic dilation and relaxation of an artery that results from the beating of the heart.
SINSEMILLA
The unpollenated female cannabis plant, with a relatively high concentration of THC.
SNORTING
One method of ingesting certain drugs. Snorting requires that the drug be in powdered form. The user rapidly draws the drug up into the nostril, usually via a paper or glass tube. Snorting is also known as insufflation.
STANDARDIZED FIELD SOBRIETY TESTING (SFST)
There are three SFSTs, namely Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (HGN), Walk and Turn (WAT), and One Leg Stand (OLS). Based on a series of controlled laboratory studies, scientifically validated clues of impairment have been identified for each of these three tests. They are the only Standardized Field Sobriety Tests for which validated clues have been identified.
SYNESTHESIA
A sensory perception disorder, in which an input via one sense is perceived by the brain as an input via another sense. An example of this would be a person “hearing” a phone ring and “seeing” the sound as a flash of light. Synesthesia sometimes occurs with persons under the influence of hallucinogens.
TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL (THC)
The principal psychoactive ingredient in drugs belonging to the cannabis category.
TOLERANCE
An adjustment of the drug user's body and brain to the repeated presence of the drug. As tolerance develops, the user will experience diminishing psychoactive effects from the same dose of the drug. As a result, the user typically will steadily increase the dose he or she takes, in an effort to achieve the same psychoactive effect.
TRACKS
Scar tissue usually produced by repeated injection of drugs, via hypodermic needle, along a segment of a vein.
VERTICAL GAZE NYSTAGMUS (VGN)
An involuntary jerking of the eyes (up‐and‐down) which occurs as the eyes are held at maximum elevation. The jerking should be distinct and sustained.
VOIR DIRE
A French expression literally meaning “to see, to say.” Loosely, this would be rendered in English as “To seek the truth,” or “to call it as you see it.” In a law or court context, one application of voir dire is to question a witness to assess his or her qualifications to be considered an expert in some matter pending before the court.
WITHDRAWAL
This occurs in someone who is physically addicted to a drug when he or she is deprived of the drug. If the craving is sufficiently intense, the person may become extremely agitated, and even physically ill.
Revised: Advanced Roadside Impaired Driving Enforcement Session 1 02/2018 Introduction and Overview Paage 39 of 39
